Despite the Apparent Progress in Cancer Research and Therapy Over the Last 60 years, Cancer Poses a Much Greater Threat to the World Today, Than in Any Other Point in Medical History
- In 2020, an estimated 19.3 million new cancer cases and almost 10.0 million cancer deaths occurred worldwide. When compared to 2010, these figures have increased by 26.3% and 20.9%, respectively. When we consider that 10 million people die from cancer worldwide each year, this equates to 27,500 cancer deaths every 24 hours (Refs. 1 & 2).
- Female breast cancer has surpassed lung cancer as the most commonly diagnosed cancer in the world, with an estimated 2.3 million new cases reported each year. However, lung cancer continues to be the leading cause of cancer death worldwide, with an estimated 1.8 million deaths every year, followed by colorectal cancer with 940,000 deaths; liver cancer with 830,000 deaths; stomach cancer with 770,000 deaths; and female breast cancer with 690,000 annual deaths (Refs. 1 & 2).
- In the United States alone, 1,670 men, women, and children die from cancer every 24 hours (609,820 annual deaths) (Ref. 3).
- Also, in the United States, the number of cancer-related deaths increased from 64 per 100,000 individuals in 1900, to 185.5 per 100,000 individuals in 2018 (Refs. 4, 5 & 6).
- In 2002, cancer surpassed cardiovascular disease as the leading cause of death in the United States for those under the age of 85 (Refs. 7 & 8).
- By 2040, the annual global cancer burden is expected to reach 27.5 million new cases and 16.3 million deaths, representing a 38% and 63% increase, respectively, over 2020 (Ref. 9).
- Most cancer patients are unaware that their cancers are incurable and almost invariably lethal if one or more cancer cells escape from being removed from their bodies with early and extensive radical surgery. In other words, with or without surgery, if cancer cells have already migrated from the primary tumor to distant organs, resulting in metastatic disease (stage IV cancer), or their cancer cannot be totally removed from the patient’s body, they will die from it. This was true in 1900 and continues to be so in 2024 (Ref. 10). Unfortunately, in the US, up to 80% of patients with metastatic disease receiving chemotherapy believe they will be cured (Ref. 11) The above statements in #7 exclude some rare leukemias, lymphomas, some germ-cell tumors, and a few other pediatric cancers that can now be cured with a combination of surgery, conventional chemotherapy, and radiation. Unfortunately, all combined, these tumors account for only 2.7% of all human cancers.
- Despite an apparent initial response to conventional chemotherapy and radiation, cancer cells become more aggressive, metastasize more readily, and reach anatomical sites, which are uncommon in non-treated cancers. Only in recent years has this problem of iatrogenic drug-induced exacerbation of cancer been recognized more openly by the medical community (Refs. 12–17).
- Since the early 1990s, the incidence of malignancies diagnosed in people under the age of 50 has increased rapidly in several middle- and high-income countries (Ref. 18). According to a recent epidemiological study, the incidence of cancers of the breast, colon, endometrium, esophagus, extrahepatic bile duct, gallbladder, head and neck, kidney, liver, bone marrow, pancreas, prostate, stomach, and thyroid has increased in persons under the age of 50 worldwide (Ref. 19). These results demonstrate how rapidly cancer is becoming the primary cause of premature death on a global scale (Ref.20).
CITED REFERENCES
(1) Sung H, Ferlay J, Siegel RL, et al. Global Cancer Statistics 2020: GLOBOCAN Estimates of Incidence and Mortality Worldwide for 36 Cancers in 185 Countries. CA Cancer J Clin. 2021;71(3):209-249. doi:10.3322/caac.21660
(2) Global Burden of Disease 2019 Cancer Collaboration, Kocarnik JM, Compton K, et al. Cancer Incidence, Mortality, Years of Life Lost, Years Lived With Disability, and Disability-Adjusted Life Years for 29 Cancer Groups From 2010 to 2019: A Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. JAMA Oncol. 2022;8(3):420-444. doi:10.1001/jamaoncol.2021.6987
(3) Siegel RL, Miller KD, Wagle NS, Jemal A. Cancer statistics, 2023. CA Cancer J Clin. 2023;73(1):17-48. doi:10.3322/caac.21763
(4) Grove RD, Hetzel AM. Vital statistics rates in the United States 1940-1960. Washington, D.C.: National Center for Health Statistics; 1968.
(5) Wingo PA, Cardinez CJ, Landis SH, Greenlee RT, Ries LA, Anderson RN, Thun MJ. Long-term trends in cancer mortality in the United States, 1930-1998. Cancer. 2003 Jun 15;97(12 Suppl):3133-275. doi: 10.1002/cncr.11380. Erratum in: Cancer. 2005 Jun 15;103(12):2658. PMID: 12784323.
(6) Islami F, Ward EM, Sung H, Cronin KA, Tangka FKL, Sherman RL, Zhao J, Anderson RN, Henley SJ, Yabroff KR, Jemal A, Benard VB. Annual Report to the Nation on the Status of Cancer, Part 1: National Cancer Statistics. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2021 Jul 8;113(12):1648–69. doi: 10.1093/jnci/djab131. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 34240195; PMCID: PMC8634503.
(7) Twombly R. Cancer surpasses heart disease as leading cause of death for all but the very elderly. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2005;97(5):330-331. doi:10.1093/jnci/97.5.330
(8) Harding MC, Sloan CD, Merrill RM, Harding TM, Thacker BJ, Thacker EL. Transitions From Heart Disease to Cancer as the Leading Cause of Death in US States, 1999-2016. Prev Chronic Dis. 2018;15:E158. Published 2018 Dec 13. doi:10.5888/pcd15.180151
(9) Bray F, Ferlay J, Soerjomataram I, Siegel RL, Torre LA, Jemal A. Global cancer statistics 2018: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries [published correction appears in CA Cancer J Clin. 2020 Jul;70(4):313]. CA Cancer J Clin. 2018;68(6):394-424. doi:10.3322/caac.21492
(10) Bailar JC 3rd, Gornik HL. Cancer undefeated. N Engl J Med. 1997;336(22):1569-1574. doi:10.1056/NEJM199705293362206
(11) Weeks JC, Catalano PJ, Cronin A, Finkelman MD, Mack JW, Keating NL, Schrag D. Patients’ expectations about effects of chemotherapy for advanced cancer. N Engl J Med. 2012 Oct 25;367(17):1616-25. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1204410. PMID: 23094723; PMCID: PMC3613151.
(12) Karagiannis GS, Pastoriza JM, Wang Y, Harney AS, Entenberg D, Pignatelli J, Sharma VP, Xue EA, Cheng E, D’Alfonso TM, Jones JG, Anampa J, Rohan TE, Sparano JA, Condeelis JS, Oktay MH. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy induces breast cancer metastasis through a TMEM-mediated mechanism. Sci Transl Med. 2017 Jul 5;9(397):eaan0026. doi: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aan0026. Erratum in: Sci Transl Med. 2017 Jul 19;9(399): PMID: 28679654; PMCID: PMC5592784.
(13) Middleton JD, Stover DG, Hai T. Chemotherapy-exacerbated breast cancer metastasis: a paradox explainable by dysregulated adaptive-response. Int J Mol Sci. 2018 Oct 26;19(11):3333. doi: 10.3390/ijms19113333. PMID: 30373101; PMCID: PMC6274941.
(14) D’Alterio C, Scala S, Sozzi G, Roz L, Bertolini G. Paradoxical effects of chemotherapy on tumor relapse and metastasis promotion. Semin Cancer Biol. 2020 Feb;60:351-361. doi: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2019.08.019. Epub 2019 Aug 24. PMID: 31454672.
(15) Sofia Vala I, Martins LR, Imaizumi N, Nunes RJ, Rino J, Kuonen F, Carvalho LM, Rüegg C, Grillo IM, Barata JT, Mareel M, Santos SC. Low doses of ionizing radiation promote tumor growth and metastasis by enhancing angiogenesis. PLoS One. 2010 Jun 21;5(6):e11222. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0011222. PMID: 20574535; PMCID: PMC2888592.
(16) Moncharmont C, Levy A, Guy JB, Falk AT, Guilbert M, Trone JC, Alphonse G, Gilormini M, Ardail D, Toillon RA, Rodriguez-Lafrasse C, Magné N. Radiation-enhanced cell migration/invasion process: a review. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol. 2014 Nov;92(2):133-42. doi: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2014.05.006. Epub 2014 May 22. PMID: 24908570.
(17) Vilalta M, Rafat M, Graves EE. Effects of radiation on metastasis and tumor cell migration. Cell Mol Life Sci. 2016 Aug;73(16):2999-3007. doi: 10.1007/s00018-016-2210-5. Epub 2016 Mar 29. PMID: 27022944; PMCID: PMC4956569
(18) di Martino, Erica et al. “Incidence trends for twelve cancers in younger adults-a rapid review.” British journal of cancer vol. 126,10 (2022): 1374-1386. doi:10.1038/s41416-022-01704-x
(19) Ugai, Tomotaka et al. “Is early-onset cancer an emerging global epidemic? Current evidence and future implications.” Nature reviews. Clinical oncology vol. 19,10 (2022): 656-673. doi:10.1038/s41571-022-00672-8
(20) Bray F, Laversanne M, Weiderpass E, Soerjomataram I. The ever-increasing importance of cancer as a leading cause of premature death worldwide. Cancer. 2021 Jun 4; 127(16):3029-30.